Organizational Theory Essay Example for Free

Organizational Theory Essay 1. Develop your understanding of the nature of the key organisation perspectives and their related theories; 2. Demonstrate an understanding of the key perspectives and the meta-theoretical assumptions that underpin each; 3. Demonstrate an appreciation of the relationship between perspectives and their respective theories; 4. Develop research skills and the ability to assess the strengths and weaknesses of various debates and arguments; 5. Gain skills in the written presentation of an argument, including the ways in which scholars incorporate and acknowledge the ideas of other writers. Criteria for assessment For this assignment your essay will be assessed on the extent to which it demonstrates: 1. Your ability to present a clear, compelling, well-presented and properly referenced argument. 2. Your ability to respond directly to the key issues raised by the question. 3. Your ability to engage with the work of other authors and extract relevant detail and explanation. 4. Your ability to assess the arguments and debates of and between other authors and incorporate them into your response. QUESTION: What are the advantages and disadvantages of a multi-perspective approach to understanding organisations? In answering the question you will need to engage with the nature of the various perspectives and how they enable and limit our understanding of organisations. In answering the essay question you must focus explicitly on the key issues identified in the question. A failure to follow this and the following instructions will result in a significant loss of marks. Presenting your answer: Please use headings with care. It is better to avoid using them in an essay but if you must, please keep them to a minimum and ensure that they enhance rather than undermine your argument. In order to construct a logical response to the question the following structure is suggested. You do not need to use the provided headings (see above comment regarding ‘headings’) and the structure itself is not mandatory. But, if you are going to use an alternative structure please ensure that it enables you to present a clear and direct response to the question asked. In answering the essay question you must focus explicitly on the key issues identified in the question. Introduction: In this section you must provide an overview of your answer to the question; provide answers to the key what and why questions of your argument/answer. These should take the form of direct responses to the key issues raised by the question. Your argument should be informed by a critical analysis of the content of the key readings. Please keep in mind that in all sections of your response you must move past description to analysis, this means providing answers to the why questions that emerge from your key statements. Exploration of your argument: In this section of the essay you need to accomplish two tasks. First, you must explore the key perspectives showing how each is underpinned by different assumptions that determine the way organisations are interpreted and understood. You must also address the theoretical implications of these various ways of seeing and how they enable and limit our understanding of organisations. Second, having demonstrated an understanding of the perspectives and their theoretical implications you need to evaluate the different arguments for and against a multi-perspective approach to understanding organisations. This evaluation must draw on and relate to your discussion about the individual perspectives and how they enable and limit our understanding of organisations. The whole response must be informed by an engagement with relevant sources, especially the textbook and the readings provided on the Blackboard. You must draw upon and evaluate academic debates and arguments. This is not to be viewed as an exercise in which you make up a response off-the-top-of-your-head. Conclusion: You must conclude with your general answer to the question. It should reiterate the key argument and answer to the question provided in the introduction and indicate to what extent it has been supported or challenged by your analysis of the debates and arguments of other authors. ADDITIONAL GUIDENCE: – This essay question has been designed to encourage you to prepare your own individual essay. There is no single ‘right’ answer. Markers will be looking for evidence that you have read broadly, including the provided material, and have synthesised the material to develop your own answer/ argument. The markers will also expect you to answer the question in your own words. The following points are to help you to understand and complete your assignment: 1. The question asks you to compare and contrast perspectives with regards to how they enable and constrain our understanding of organisations. The focus for this comparison is on the perspectives meta-theoretical assumptions and how these shape their respective theories. This part of the essay allows you to demonstrate your understanding of the course material covered in weeks 1-4. 2. Do not try to cover every single detail; you only have 2000 words so concentrate on the major points rather than fine details. 3. The focus in this essay is on analysis rather than description. Any description of your chosen perspectives must form part of your analysis and must contribute to the argument that you are making in your essay. This means answering why questions and providing supporting evidence. 4. This is not an essay asking you to consider management practices or styles of management. It is asking you to focus on ‘ways of seeing’ and thinking about organisations (different perspectives) and ways of understanding and theorising about organisations. Think of yourself as a researcher (rather than manager) of an organisation and you have a range of devices you can use to study organisations. Each device provides you with the ability to learn something different about the organisation. Your job is to explain how each of the devices provides you with different ways of understanding organisations. Do not use actual organisations as examples because it is the theory that you are seeking to demonstrate an understanding of. 5. You must use the sources provided to develop your answer. They have been selected because they provide the essential material required to answer the question. You will lose marks if you fail to use them. 6. Before you begin to look for additional reading you should first acquire a good understanding of the basics from the textbook and the required readings. Once you acquire this understanding you can then look for other material. 7. You can make use of the Web sources but they need to be reliable sources- Wikipedia is not a reliable source of information. We encourage you to make use of journal articles which can be found via a range of library databases. I suggest you use Expanded Academic ASAP (Gale) database which is located through the Databases section of the library website because it allows you to search a range of journals using keywords. Some of the keywords you should consider are: organisational culture, power in organisations, organisational change, organisations and modernism, organisations and symbolic interpretivism, organisations and postmodernism, etc. You will find an enormous amount of relevant literature. You can also do author searches which can be helpful to locate recent articles by scholars mentioned in the textbook. We also encourage you to make use of the references and further reading suggested by the textbook at the end of each chapter. ‘Citation Linker’ found through the library website is a useful tool to locate some of the journal articles mentioned in the textbook. There is a lot of information out there regarding the topic. 8. Students are NOT allowed to use lecture notes as reference materials. 9. You should look at the assessment sheet found in the course guide. It will give you a feel for the sorts of things we will be assessing. 10. You should also look at the other part of the course guide which outlines the differences between the grades -i.e. what separates a ‘P’ from a ‘C’. A key point to remember in answering the questions is not to be overly descriptive. In answering the question you will need to develop an argument. An argument requires ‘expressing a point of view on a subject and supporting it with evidence’ (see http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/argument.html) The basic components of an argument include: * Making a claim (informed by relevant organisational theories) * Supporting your claim with evidence

Ruffies The Date Rape Drug :: Papers

Ruffies The Date Rape Drug They’re called "roofies," "R-2s," "rib," "rope," "The Club Drug," "Mexican Valium." The clinical name is Flunitrazepam, but it’s the effect that is important. It’s called the "date rape drug" because one of its most frightening and dangerous uses is to commit sexual assault: a drug slipped into a drink without the victim’s knowledge. Roofies are tasteless, colorless, odorless, and they dissolve in liquid within seconds. When the drug is taken or ingested alone it creates a drunk-like state; when used with other drugs such as alcohol it can become a lethal mix. A year before he killed himself, rock star Kurt Cobain was in a coma and nearly died after taking Rohypnol. The effects include dizziness, confusion, stomach upset, temporary paralysis, blackout and amnesia. The drug renders its victim helpless: there is loss of control, loss of inhibitions, an inability to know what’s happening. Effects begin within a few minutes and last up to 12 hours, depending on the amount ingested. The victim goes in and out of consciousness, aware of some things, totally unaware of others. It’s the perfect agenda for sexual assault on an unwilling victim How to Protect Yourself The drug is odorless, tasteless, and colorless. You simply cannot tell if a roofie has been placed in your drink. There have been numerous reports of rapes following use of the drug by unknowing victims. Because of the potential for abuse, observe these precautions: 1. Never accept a drink from someone you don’t know and TRUST. Order sealed drinks you can open yourself. Watch the bartender make your drink and don’t use wait-people. 2. Never leave your drink unattended. ALWAYS keep your drink in your hand, not left on the bar or table. Take your drink to the rest room with you, or’ Give your drink to someone you know you can trust. If you do leave your drink unattended, order a new one. 3. Use the "buddy system": Tell your friends where you are at a party. Never leave without accounting for those you came with. Watch your friends’ drinks if they’re not alert. Have a designated driver. 4. If you hear someone in your group kidding about "date drugs," pay attention: often someone planning to use a drug jokes about it, trying to get a reaction from others. This should be a warning: leave the company of that person.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development Essay

The environmental impacts on one’s behavior can often determine factors that will shape future behaviors. During critical and sensitive periods development can be greatly affected. Critical periods occur when the existence of certain types of environmental stimuli become necessary for development to continue conventionally. It is theorized that development during the critical period is easily influenced, specifically in the area of personality and social development. On the other hand, during sensitive periods the organism becomes particularly vulnerable to certain types of stimuli in their environment. Unlike critical periods, the absence of stimuli in a sensitive period does not always result in immutable consequences. Societal influences are believed to play a large role on the environmental impacts of development. The way we have been socialized or conditioned is a response to environmental stimuli. For instance, gender is something socially constructed and society places expectations on individuals according to their gender, which will determine the roles they will later fulfill in society. A publication from U.C. Santa Cruz states the following of gender acquisition and the societal influences that are perpetuated around them. Gender stereotypes in infants are perpetuated by society’s expectations and perceptions. Societal influences, preconceived notions and expectations enforce already existing gender stereotypes†¦ Read more: Essay explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors. In the study of forty-eight children, their mothers, and 16 college students, gender based stereotypes influenced interaction with infants which in turn socialized the infants to conform to their respective gender role. Ratings of the female infants centered on their small size and beauty. Male infants are judged usually according to their ability and intelligence. While evidence of gender stereotyping in infant ratings are becoming less dominant after adolescence, sex stereotyping in adults’ behavior towards infants has changed little. Obviously, society shapes the gender stereotypes that both children and adults hold. (Rivera, 1996)

Refraction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 299 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Refraction Refraction refers to the bending of the transmitted light at the interface between two transparent materials. The angle of refraction depends on the angle of incidence and the relative speeds of the light in the two different media and can be found from the relationship [pic] From this equation we see that the direction in which the light is bent depends on whether it is going from a slower to a faster medium or vice versa. Index of refraction The index of refraction of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Refraction" essay for you Create order pic] By definition, n = 1 in vacuum. In all materials n 1. The frequency of light does not change as it goes from one a medium of one index of refraction to another. This means that the wavelength changes with the speed. [pic] Thus, the wavelength is smaller in a medium than in vacuum. From the definition of the index of refraction, we can rewrite the relationship between the incident and refracted angles as Or [pic] This equation is known as Snell’s law of refraction. Example The index of refraction of a glass is n = 1. 6. A ray of light is incident upon the glass surface at an angle of 30o. What is the angle of refraction into the glass? Solution: Assume that air surrounds the glass and that the index of refraction of air is approximately n = 1. [pic] If the wavelength of the light in air is 520 nm (green), what is its wavelength in the glass? [pic] What is the frequency of the light? [pic] Or [pic] [pic] What is the frequency of the light? [pic] (1 (1’ (2 slow fast incident reflected v2 v1 incident (1 (1’ (2 v2 v1 fast slow reflected refracted

A Brief Note On Women And Elderly Abuse Essay - 1895 Words

Dammam University Nursing College Psychology (NURS-1610-115) Bridging Course 1st level Academic Year (2016-2017G 1438-1439H) Women And Elderly Abuse Prepared by: Fatima Al Rebh Mona Al Zawad Wijdan Al Mushqab Azhar Al Qatifi Supervised by: Dr. Ola Lachine Introduction: We consider the adult who is 65 years and older is elderly, and they call it the golden age, because in this age people tend to focus in the personal interests and hobbies after they accomplish all their life goals as their health retreat, and trying to gain their own autonomy, but unfortunately it is also a sad phase, because of the elderly physical status they became very exposed to such things as abuse, and commonly it is from a family member. For the women abuse also, the abusive is usually someone closed to her, the statistics shows that 1 out of 3 women have been victims of physical abuse by an intimate partner within their lifetime. Definitions: Abuse: abuse describe as a behaviors in which an individual misuses, attacks, or injures another individual. emotional. Neglect is also a form of abuse. The abuser ( abusive): Common characteristics of abusive individuals include low self concept, immaturity, fear of authority, lack of skills to meet their own emotional needs, and poor belief in harsh physical discipline , and poor impulse control, lack of relationship skills and often use alcohol or other substances to copeShow MoreRelatedPrevention of Alcohol Abuse Among Pregnant Women1306 Words   |  5 PagesPrevention of Alcohol abuse among pregnant women Introduction The drug abuse menace has been indicated to be one of the leading factors that negatively affect people at whatever stage of life right from the fetus stage to the fully grown baby and the adulthood. Of greater interest in this case is the persistent and ever increasing abuse of alcohol among other substances among pregnant women and teenagers in particular. There are repercussions that come with the alcohol abuse and there is thereforeRead MorePRESCRIPTION MEDECINS USE AND ABUSE 22408 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ PRESCRIPTION MEDECINS USE AND ABUSE Krasimir Atanasov English 5 Teacher: June,2014 END NOTES 1. Waters Jo, â€Å"Taking antiobiotics ruptures my tendom: The hidden dangers of everyday drugs are assume are harmless†, 7 February 2012. 2. National Drug Intelligence Center (2010). National Threat Assessment: The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice. 3. Bellenir K,† Alcoholism Source book 2000†, p.19,20,21. 4Read MoreCase Study : Walmart Case Study1252 Words   |  6 Pages Walmart case study To start of my case study, I’ll give you a brief history of Walmart’s background and what they do as a company, I will reiterate some of their contributing to society. I’ll also touch on some of the information I learned in the article and my take on it. Per the case study article Wal-Mart is the largest retail store in the United States, and is larger than any other retail chain in the world. Currently Wal-Mart operates over 4Read MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Individuals, Families And Communities2507 Words   |  11 Pageseffects on individuals, families and the communities. Most Americans are seen at some point in their lives by healthcare workers, and the health care setting offers a critical opportunity for early identification and even the primary prevention of abuse. 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Johnson, who is the dean and a professor for the College of Nursing at Kent State University in Ohio. She is a registered nurse who holds a PhD and is a member of the FAAN. Being a membe r of the FAAN suggests that she has contributed to the field of nursing in a positive way. Johnson’s article attemptsRead MoreEssay on Judicial Precedent5387 Words   |  22 Pagesand â€Å"and† are all used copiously at the beginning of sentences, which is not normal grammatical practice. Vocabulary used has often been a curious blend of colloquial chat and vocabulary used purely to impress, often inappropriately. Of particular note this year has been the excessive use of the phrase â€Å"the latter†, especially where a pronoun was required. Some common errors are: â€Å"garbages†, â€Å"englobe†, â€Å"oftenly†, â€Å"voice out†, â€Å"boost up†. The use of the definite and indefinite article appears toRead More William Kinmond’s What a newsman found who got into red China and Mark Salzman’s Iron and Silk1862 Words   |  8 Pagesthe officials. The people sitting at the train station should be credited for coming to Salzman’s aid. The people went against the establishment to assert themselves on behalf of Salzman. In a way, Salzman is showing that Chinese officials often abuse their powers, but ordinary people and moderate policemen (like the Cantonese policeman) are willing to antagonize the officials. Salzman’s second point concerns treatment of foreign travelers in China. Since China is among the few countriesRead MorePsy 410 Week 2 and 3 Matrix of Disorders7746 Words   |  31 Pagesanxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.G. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism) and does not occur exclusively during a Mood Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, or an Autism Spectrum Disorder. (APA, 2000) | Lifetime Estimated Prevalence of Anxiety disorders in the

Managing Workplace Diversity Essay - 1219 Words

Diversity is a term used most often to describe the different types of race, religion, and nationalities but in today’s business world, it is used to describe the different individual behaviors of employees. Diversity is about characteristics and demographics that differ from person to person and how they affect human behavior. To understand how diversity affects the work place let us look at four types of diversity--Differences in skill and abilities, Values and attitudes, Occupation differences, and Age. Differences in skills and abilities â€Å"Aptitudes are potential abilities, whereas abilities are the knowledge and skills that an individual currently possesses.† (Schermerhorn 2003) Professionals such as Doctors, Lawyers, and even†¦show more content†¦Traditional or older workers with traditional values believe in the company over the person, quantity over quality and uniformity over diversity. New or baby boomers value economic results and social responsibility. The Hybrid or mixture of traditional and new is the young entry level workers who are more concerned with making money than they are about their futures the welfare of the society. As more and more baby boomers take over the corporate positions of retired traditionalists we are seeing a shift in the over all North American values from economic to social/personal. The impact of changing values continues to shape the way companies conduct business, treat their employees, and has resulted in the emergence of a new social conscience. Occupation Another type of diversity is occupation, with this having an impact on individual behavior. For example, an individual in a professional occupation is more likely to make her own decisions and is more likely to reject being managed too strongly. The case of a medical doctor is one example. A medical doctor considers themselves an expert in their area and is likely to consider that nobody else has the same expertise. 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The Poetry of Collins free essay sample

Among them are his juveniles, the four PERSIAN ECLOGUES; several songs; a verse epistle; and about fifteen odes. The eclogues and the epistle are largely uninspired and show only occasionally the poetic power which impresses one so much in the odes. Though most of Collins odes were written in the English Pandemic tradition, two of his better known poems, How Sleep the Brave and the Ode on the Death of Mr.. Thomson, are Horntail in form. (Poniard was a sixth century B. C. Greek poet famous for his odes celebrating victories in athletic contests; his Tyler is soaring, allusive, and complex.Horace, the model classical poet, was a first century Roman lyric poet whose style was direct and concise. ) The English Pandemic ode, though it always developed a single, central theme, meanders unpredictably through a series of situations which expand and comment on the central theme. The diction and imagery are rich and evocative, and the metrical pattern changes continually, though in an ordered system of strophe, antiheroes, and epode. The English Horntail ode, on the other hand, goes directly to the point, is based on concise statement and lain diction, and uses a single, regular metrical stanzas pattern.Collins verse exhibits at least five recurring themes. First, Collins is concerned with the role of fancy or imagination in poetry. He feels that fancy rather than reason, in the eighteenth century sense, is the essential trait of the poet and of poetry. Second, Collins is a critic of literature, and his criticism is conditioned by his concern for the imagination. He is quite dissatisfied with the literature of his own and most other periods. Third, Collins is interested in folklore and its use in literature, again mainly as a manifestation of imagination.Fourth, and at first glance rather out of character, he often emphasizes patriotic and political themes. Fifth, what almost amounts to a leitmotif rather than a conscious theme, Collins contain ally brings a psychological, almost clinical concern with emotion forward in his poems. This theme, Of course, is also tied in with the problem Of imagination, especially of Collins own imagination. Each of these five themes dominates a focal poem or group of poems; however, since each theme is related organically to the others, all or most of them appear in every poem.For example, the poems which are central to Collins ideas about the role of imagination in literature are often the same poems in which he advances his critical judgments, since these two subjects are naturally two sides of the same problem. In the Ode on the Poetical Character, Collins develops the idea that imagination is the soul of poetry. He likens the poets act of creation to Gods creation of the earth; God, like the poet, is shown creating not when he is moved by a rational plan, but by sudden inspiration and imagination.In the same poem Collins, speaking as a iterate critic, names Milton as the poet who last showed true poetic imagination. Waller, Millions contemporary and the founder of the neo- classical tradition dominant in Collins own day-?the Augustan tradition of pope and Johnson-?is presented as the unimaginative antithesis of Milton. Collins, significantly, closes the poem with the claim that imaginative greatness is denied to himself and his contemporaries.Among other poems which stress Collins critical and esthetics theory are the verse epistle to Sir Thomas Hammer, the Ode to Simplicity, which stresses iterate form, The Manners, the Ode on the Popular Superstitions. The latter, which is written to a dramatist, advances the argument that folklore should again be used as the subject of English tragedy so that the genre might again reach the peaks it attained in Greece, in Shakespearean day, and in the French tragedies of Racine and Chronicle. Collins points out that all great dramatists have used myth and folktale as a basis for their tragedies.But folklore and superstition play a more organic part in some of Collins odes, notably the Ode to Fear (one of Collins most impressive and most selected poems), and the Ode to Liberty. In these poems folklore is not a subject but a part of the poetic fabric. That is, Poniard, who was both the basis of the English lyric tradition in which Collins most often wrote, and the personal model of Collins-?the epigraph to his 1746 publication of the ODES is from Poniard s eighth Olympian Ode-?is admired for his use of myth as a means of allusion and poetic digression. It was natural that Collins, who contain ally voices dissatisfaction with the artistic techniques of his contemporaries, and who, because of his rather different poetic concerns, as naturally led to adopt the UN-Augustan, Pandemic form, should try to introduce British folklore into the ode as a substitute for obsolete classical mythology. On the other hand, and on a deeper level, Collins was interested in superstition and folklore as food for the imagination. For the poet, to immerse oneself in the dark world Of superstition was to open the gates Of imagination and to reveal powerful visions.To the reader interested in Collins as a pre-Romantic, the patriotic and political odes are something to be ignored or rationalized away as minor regression to neo-classicism. But this neglect is a mistake. Collins interest in political and social ideals permeate his poetry precisely because he is interested in the poetic imagination and is, thus, strongly pre-Romantic. The political state, in Co llins eyes, is the most important external influence on the poet; the poetic imagination, he proclaims cannot flourish where freedom, liberty, justice are not present. The fifth element in Collins poetry, the psychological element, is pervasive enough to justify the statement that, all of his other concerns not withstanding, Collins is essentially a poet of the mind and the minds injunction. We see this quality even in the Ode to Evening Collins most famous poem, which is, on the face of it, only a poem of pastoral, natural description in a typical eighteenth century mode. However, Collins is not interested in describing and evoking a natural scene for its own sake, as his friend James Thomson would have been in like circumstances.He is interested in nature as a reflection or projection of a poetic state of mind. But the most impressive effects of Collins concern for the mind in its psychological aspect are seen in his treatment of the emotions and sensibility n such poems as the Ode to Fear, the Passions, and the Ode on the Popular Superstitions. It is in these poems that we see Collins effectively using his most characteristic stylistic device, concrete personification of abstract ideas and emotional states.The poet treats the emotions as personified, allegorical figures acting out their effects in an allegorical countryside of the mind. Certain parts of the Ode to Fear, for example, are actually allegories of the mind functioning under the influence of fear. Collins addresses Fear: Thou, to whom the World unknown With all its shadowy Shapes is shown; Who sets appalled the unreal Scene, While Fancy lifts the Veil between: Ah Fear! Ah frantic Fear! I see, I see Thee near.Collins in this poem and in its companion piece, Ode to Pity, is initially concerned with the Aristotelian pronouncement that the aesthetic effect of tragedy is to arouse pity and fear in the spectator. But Collins quickly moves from this critical idea into a world in which fear itself becomes the dominating reality, an emotion that Collins begs to dominate him so that he can learn to understand it and thus successfully create great drama. In return, Collins remises to live with fear forever after.The other side of Collins psychological concern is seen in his frequently announced wish, not for passion, but for peace of mind, and in his constant wish to withdraw from the turbulence of the world. In the odes to Pity, Simplicity, Evening, and others, and in the Third Eclogue, Collins either expresses the desire to withdraw to a peaceful fantasy world, or portrays a scene of imaginary peace. The recurring symbol of the secluded cell or shrine is found in several poems. If the retreat is not into an imaginary world, it is into the past.